Membrane distillation crystallization for water and mineral recovery: The occurrence of fouling and its control during wastewater treatment

Membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) is an emerging technology envisaged to manage challenges affecting the desalination industry. This can sustainably treat concentrated solutions of produced water and industrially discharged saline wastewater. Simultaneous recovery clean minerals achieved through integration membrane (MD). MDC has received vast research interest because its potential hypersaline solutions. However, still faces in harnessing industrial applications. Technically, affected by fouling/scaling wetting thereby hindering practical application at level. study reviews occurrence fouling experienced with MDC. Additionally, existing developments carried out address these are critically reviewed. Finally, prospects suggesting sustainability this highlighted.